1.  Difference between HIV and AIDS

HIV is a chronic infection that can be managed. AIDS is an advanced stage of HIV infection. With timely and proper medication HIV does not progress to AIDS in vast majority of people. Hence , people with HIV who are on medication live near normal to normal lives.

2.  How is HIV passed from one person to another?

People get HIV through contact with body fluids that come from someone who has it. The most common ways that someone can get HIV are by:

◉ Having sex with a person who has HIV without using a condom
◉ Sharing drug needles or other drug equipment with someone who has HIV
◉ Using the same needle as someone with HIV when you get a tattoo
◉ Women with HIV can pass it to their babies before or during birth, and through breastfeeding

3.  Maximum transmission of HIV happens through?

Blood to blood contact. blood transfusion

4.  What are the stages of HIV AIDS infection?

According to CDC we have category A,B C . According to WHO we have stages 1 2 3 4

5.  When was HIV virus discovered?

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981 caused by HIV virus.

6.  How many types of HIV virus are there?

HIV-1 is the cause of the global HIV pandemic, while HIV-2, which causes a similar illness to HIV-1 but progresses more slowly and is less transmissible, is restricted mainly to western Africa.

7.  What does HIV virus do to the body?

HIV is an enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) retrovirus from the lentivirus family. After mucosal exposure, HIV is transported via dendritic cells to the lymph nodes, where infection becomes established. This is followed by viremia and dissemination to lymphoid organs, which are the main sites of viral replication.

8.  What are the tests for HIV?

Rapid tests, rna pcr (NAT), HIV 4th generation tests, self testing kits , Western blot.

9.  What is the most advanced test for identifying HIV?

HIV 1 and 2 RNA PCR can identify virus at and after 10 days of its entry or last possible exposure.

10.  Is rna pcr 100% accurate after 10 days.

It is highly accurate(95-99%) when compared to other tests.

11.  What is window period for HIV?

Time from the entry of organism into the body till a test can actually detect it. RNA PCR FOR HIV1 10 DAYS. HIV 4th generation test after 28 DAYS.

12.  What is 4th generation HIV test?

The 4th generation test detects antibodies of HIV 1 and 2 as well as P24 antigen of HIV 1, while the 3rd generation test detects only HIV antibodies. HIV P24 antigens are viral proteins that make up most of the core of the virus.

13.  Is AIDS dangerous?

A person who is effected by HIV virus if left untreated will land into acquired immune deficiency syndrome or aids. Yes its dangerous if left untreated. ART(HIV treatment) should be started as early as possible.

14.  What are the symptoms of HIV?

You cannot rely on symptoms to tell whether you have HIV. The only way to know for sure if you have HIV is to get tested within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, about two-thirds of people will have a flu-like illness. This is the body’s natural response to HIV infection.

15.  I had unprotected exposure yesterday. Can I test myself now?

No you need to wait for the completion of window period minimum 10 days.

16.  Can HIV be cured completely?

As of now no medication can completely kill and remove the virus from the body. We can only slow down the replication and control the virus.

17.  What are the symptoms of AIDS?

Untreated hiv infection leads to AIDS.
Symptoms of AIDS can include:
• Rapid weight loss
• Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
• Extreme and unexplained tiredness
• Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck
• Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
• Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
• Pneumonia
• Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
• Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders

18.  What is treatment for HIV infection?

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a medication regimen used to manage and treat human immunodeficiency virus .

19.  Can HIV positive people have sex?

A HIV positive person should avoid sexual activity if his viral load is high for ethical reasons. when the viral load is undetectable and the other partner should start using PrEP as soon as possible.

20.  Do only homosexual men people get HIV?

Sexual orientation or gender identify doesn't decide an HIV infection. You can get HIV from having sex -- without a condom -- with anyone. although present incidence of HIV found to be high in MSM.

21.  Does HIV increase the risk of getting other STI?

YES. HIV weakens the immune system making the person susceptible to all types of infections.

22.  How can HIV be prevented?

Avoiding high risk behavior
Using a condom
Avoiding sharing needles

23.  Does masturbation cause HIV/STI?

The chances are very very low. When there is no partner involved in masturbation there can be no chance of transfer.

24.  Can Latex Condoms Prevent HIV?

When used consistently and correctly, they're very good at stopping the spread of HIV during sex. But condom use can't give you 100% protection.

25.  Can I get HIV from oral sex?

Yes, it's possible -- whether you're giving or getting oral sex. While no one knows exactly how risky it is, evidence suggests it has less of a risk than unprotected anal or vaginal sex.

26.  Can I get HIV from anal sex?

Yes. In fact, anal sex without a condom is very risky behavior. Either sex partner can become infected with HIV.

27.  Is protected anal sex safe?

When you have anal sex and use a latex condom. They're more likely to break during anal than vaginal sex, so also use a lot of water-based lubricant to lower the chance of that happening.

28.  Should I use a condom during oral sex?

Yes. its better to using to avoid getting any STIs when the health status of the opposite person is not known.

29.  Can I get HIV from getting a Tattoo?

Yes, if the person who gives you the tattoo uses the same needle that was used on someone who has HIV. That's because any activity that can result in blood getting passed from one person to another carries a risk of HIV infection.

30.  Can I get HIV from someone sneezing on me or from touching someone's Used tissue?

No. HIV is not passed on in sweat, saliva, or tears.

31.  Which body fluids contain HIV virus?

Body fluids that contain the highest concentration of HIV are blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, and other fluids that contain blood.

32.  Can holding hands and sharing a glass of water transmit HIV?

Holding hands or touching someone's skin won't cause you to get the virus. Sharing a drinking glass with someone does not spread the virus.

33.  Can HIV spared through kissing?

Open mouth (French) kissing is very low risk for getting the virus unless there are open sores in the mouth or there is blood present.

34.  Why should all pregnant women get tested for HIV?

HIV-positive mothers who get treatment during pregnancy have a much lower chance of passing HIV to their baby before, during, or after birth. The sooner you start treatment, the more effective it is.

35.  What if I test positive for HIV?

Prompt, early medical treatment and a healthy lifestyle can help you stay well. We have good treatments today, and much better treatments are in pipeline people are living longer (near normal life span)and with a better quality of life than ever before.

36.  How long does it take for HIV to cause AIDS?

Before HIV medicines became available, Scientists used to think that about half the people with HIV developed AIDS within 10 years after they were infected. However, current drug therapies have dramatically changed the outlook for people living with HIV.

37.  Can the virus spread from an insect or mosquito bite?

No, HIV virus cannot be spread from an insect or mosquito bite. This is because, the virus cannot survive for long hours outside the human body and dies.

38.  Do we need to fast or take any special precautions before getting tested?

There is no need for to take any special precautions or fast before the test. Also, you can get tested at any time of the day.

39.  What should a person with HIV do to stay healthy?

A HIV positive individual should follow the medication procedure without fail. Apart from on-time treatment, leading a healthy and active life, staying relaxed and happy, eating a healthy diet and regular check-up with the doctor is very important to stay healthy and lead a normal life.

40.  If both the parents are HIV, what are the chances of the child being HIV positive?

In case both the parents are HIV positive, the chances of baby being HIV positive is very high. But with latest advances in medical techniques, treatment options and proper check-ups, it is possible to have a HIV negative baby.

41.  Do I need to take the drugs for lifetime, after being diagnosed with HIV?

Unfortunately, yes. A person with HIV has to take medications for the rest of the life but there might be changes in the concentration of the drugs that are recommended. Hence, regular check-ups with a doctor is a must for people with HIV, in addition to following every safe measure to prevent progression of the infection.

42.  What if the condom broke during sex? What should I do?

If it s been less than 72 hours after the incident took place, with the help of medication you can protect yourself from being infected with HIV. All you need to do is visit a local doctor and ask him about PEP, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis.

43.  Can HIV be transmitted through breast-feeding and what can be done?

Yes. The virus has been found in the breast milk in low concentrations and studies have shown that, 10 to 15% children born to HIV-infected mothers can get HIV infection through breast milk. Breast milk, however, has many substances in it that protect an infant’s health. The benefits of breast-feeding for both mother and child are well recognized and as effective ARV drugs are available to keep the viral load undetectable in mother, then the risk of transmission is less than 1%.its better to discuss with your doctor whether you breast feed or not

44.  What is relation between TUBERCULOSIS AND HIV?

HIV is the strongest risk factor for tuberculosis among adults. Tuberculosis is the most prominent opportunistic diseases to develop amongst persons infected with HIV. HIV debilitates the immune system increasing the vulnerability to TB and increasing the risk of progression from TB infection to TB disease. People with TB are also susceptible to HIV infection. TB is entirely curable with a full course of treatment, which is freely available at the government Health centers, including ART centers in the country.

45.  What does U=U stand for in HIV?

U=U stands for undetectable equals un-transmittable.

46.  What is the goal of ART?

To maintain an undetectable viral load and high cd4 count.

47.  Is antiviral resistance real?

Yes. People on ART should get themselves tested for antiviral resistance.

48.  What symptoms do STIs cause on perineal skin?

Warts
Ulcers
Inflammation

49.  What symptoms do STIs cause on abdomen and inguinal region?

Abnormal masses or tenderness and inguinal lymph node enlargement.

50.  What symptoms do STIs cause on female genital system?

Abnormal discharge
Warts
Ulcers
Inflammation
Vulvitis
Itching they can occur on labia vagina or cervix

51.  What symptoms do STIs cause on male genital system?

Ulcers warts redness itching on penis and genital area.

52.  How do STIs spread?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections usually but not exclusively transmitted via the moist mucous membranes of the penis, vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, rectum, mouth and pharynx during sexual activity.

53.  What are the STIs we know?

STIs include syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, genital warts, chlamydia, Mycoplasma genitalium, trichomoniasis and lymphogranuloma venereum(LGV). Chancroid and granuloma inguinale are STIs seen in tropical countries. Sexually transmissible blood-borne viruses including (HIV) and hepatitis B and C are those in which sexual contact is an important, but not the only mode of transmission. Enteric hepatitis virus A and sexually transmitted enteric infections (STEI) including Salmonella and Shigella may be spread by oro-anal sexual contact, although this is responsible for only a minority of cases. Other viruses, including Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2.

54.  What are the most common symptoms of STIs?

Symptoms: genital ulceration, rash, irritation, pain, swelling and urinary symptoms, especially dysuria. Urethral discharge, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain or dyspareunia. Testicular pain, abdominal and systemic symptoms.

55.  Which STIs present with urethral discharge in males?

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, mycoplasma genitalium and rarely trichomonas vaginalis,ureaplasma, hsv in males

56.  What diseases can present as genital itch?

Candidiasis acute/chronic
Dermatoses, e.g.eczema or psoriasis
Acute herpes
Pthirus pubis (‘crab lice’) infection
Lichen planus/sclerosis
Balanitis(circinate, plasma cell, anaerobic or erosive)
Vulvodynia

57.  Which diseases present as vaginal discharge?

Candidiasis
Bacterial vaginosis
Aerobic/anaerobic vaginitis
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea

58.  Which STIs present with genital ulcers?

Most commonly Herpes, syphilis.

59.  Which STIs present with proctitis?

Proctitis due to STI is almost exclusively diagnosed in MSM, but occasionally presents in women. STIs that may cause proctitis include gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes and syphilis.

60.  What is Chlamydia?

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which results in substantial morbidity and economic cost worldwide. It is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Different strains (biovars) of C. trachomatis cause genital infections (chlamydia), lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) –a genital ulcer disease (GUD) that affects lymphoid tissue-, and trachoma (eye infection).

61.  How does chlamydia spread?

You can get chlamydia by having vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse with someone who has chlamydia. Also, you can still get chlamydia even if your sex partner does not ejaculate . A pregnant person with chlamydia can give the infection to their baby during childbirth.

62.  What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

Approximately 70% of women and 50% of men do not show any symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they can appear in different forms. Women might notice irregular vaginal discharge, pain or a burning feeling when urinating, or bleeding after sex and between periods. Men might notice discharge from penis, pain or a burning feeling while urinating, and sometimes testicular pain.

63.  What are the complications of chlamydia?

If chlamydia is left untreated, most genital infections will resolve naturally with no health problems, but untreated chlamydial infection may cause serious complications, mainly in young women, such as inflammation in the Fallopian tubes (tube than transport eggs from the ovary to the womb). This can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can lead to ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb) and inability to have a baby.
In men health problems are less common, but the most common one is inflammation of the tube that stores and carries sperm. Rarely this can lead to inability to have a baby.

The risk of complications may increase with repeated infection. Infections at non-genital places are also common. Rectal infection may cause symptoms such a rectal discharge, rectal pain or blood in the stools, but in most cases, there are no symptoms. Throat infections can cause symptoms such as swelling in the back of the throat and mild sore throat, but symptoms are rare.

64.  How does having chlamydia affect a pregnant woman and her baby?

Chlamydia infection in pregnancy is linked with early birth and low birth weight. Infants of mothers with chlamydia can be infected at delivery and may result in eye infection or pneumonia in the baby.

65.  What are the diagnostic tests for chlamydia?

There are several tests for chlamydia, including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), cell culture, and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining. NAATs are the most commonly used tests and can be performed on urine or swab samples from the affected area. Testing may also be done using a self-collected vaginal swab or a rectal swab, depending on the location of the infection. Serological tests for igG and igM are also frequently used.

66.  How is chlamydia treated?

First choice: Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 7 days. Antibiotic resistant chlamydia has become a problem in present days.

67.  What is the causative organism of gonorrhea?

Gonorrhea is caused by the Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseriagonorrhoeae

68.  Which parts of the body are effected by gonorrhea?

Usually involves columnar epithelium in the genital tract, rectum, pharynx and eyes.

69.  How does the transmission of gonorrhea occur?

Transmission is usually the result of vaginal, anal or oral intercourse. Gonococcal conjunctivitis may be caused by accidental infection from contaminated fingers. Untreated mothers may infect babies during delivery, resulting in ophthalmia neonatorum.

70.  What is the incubation period for gonorrhea?

The incubation period is usually 2–10 days.

71.  What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

Infection of the male urethracauses urethral discharge and dysuria; only a minority are asymptomatic. The female urethra, paraurethral glands/ducts, Bartholin's glands/ducts or endocervical canal may be infected, but about 80% of women are asymptomatic. an unusual vaginal discharge, which may be thin or watery and green or yellow in colour. pain or a burning sensation when passing urine. pain or tenderness in the lower abdominal area – this is less common. bleeding between periods, heavier periods and bleeding after sex.

72.  What are the complications of gonorrhea?

Urethritis, proctitis and in severe cases it may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women.

73.  What are the investigations for gonorrhea?

Gram-negative diplococci may be seen on microscopy of smears from infected sites. Urine Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are a widely used diagnostic test with culture on selective medium in positive cases for antibiotic sensitivity surveillance. Nucleic acid probes for specific antibody resistance mutations (e.g. to ciprofloxacin) are increasingly available.

74.  What is the treatment for gonorrhea?

Adults with gonorrhea are treated with antibiotics. Due to emerging strains of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that uncomplicated gonorrhea be treated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone given as an injection with oral azithromycin.

75.  Should the partner of effected person be tested?

Partner also should go through testing and treatment for gonorrhea, even if he or she has no signs or symptoms. Your partner receives the same treatment you do. Even if you've been treated for gonorrhea, a partner who isn't treated can pass it to you again.

76.  I Was treated for gonorrhea. When can I have sex again?

You should wait seven days after finishing all medications before having sex. To avoid getting infected with gonorrhea again or spreading gonorrhea to your partner, you and your sex partner should avoid having sex until you have each completed treatment. If you've had gonorrhea and took medicine in the past, you can still get infected again if you have unprotected sex with a person who has gonorrhea.

77.  Can gonorrhea cause infertility?

Yes it can cause infertility if left untreated.

78.  Can I get chlamydia or gonorrhea from a toilet, or from sharing something like a bar of soap?

Chlamydia and gonorrhea can be transmitted in bodily fluids during vaginal, anal, or oral sex; any sexually active person can be infected. Bodily fluids containing chlamydia and/or gonorrhea must be transmitted from person to person in order for an infection to occur. Therefore, infected fluids on a toilet seat or a bar of soap cannot transmit chlamydia and/or gonorrhea to other toilet or soap users.

79.  How are chlamydia and gonorrhea linked to HIV?

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is transmitted through the following four fluids: 1) blood, 2) semen, 3) vaginal fluids, and 4) breast milk. Chlamydia and gonorrhea can be transmitted in bodily fluids during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed. In addition, people with gonorrhea can more easily contract HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. HIV-infected people with gonorrhea can transmit HIV more easily to someone else than if they did not have gonorrhea.

80.  If I can’t visibly see or feel gonorrhea, could I still be infected?

Both men and women may experience asymptomatic infections; symptoms will vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Women are the most likely to experience an asymptomatic gonorrhea infection. So yes, even if you can’t see or feel the symptoms of chlamydia and/or gonorrhea, the infection could still be there.

81.  What organism causes syphilis?

Syphilis is caused by infection, through abrasions in the skin or mucous membranes, with the spirochaete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

82.  What is the mode of transmission?

In adults the infection is usually sexually acquired; however, transmission by kissing, blood transfusion and percutaneous injury has
been reported. Congenital syphilis, caused by transplacental infection of the fetus.

83.  What are the types of acquired syphilis we know of?

Early syphilis is constituted by
Primary syphilis
Secondary syphilis
Latent syphilis
Late syphilis is constituted by
Late latent syphilis
Cardiovascular syphilis
Benign tertiary syphilis
Neuro syphilis

84.  When do symptoms of syphilis start?

Symptoms usually begin 21 days after infection but can range from 9 to 90 days.

85.  What are the symptoms of primary syphilis?

Primary syphilis usually presents as a single, painless sore (chancre) at the site of inoculation. The primary chancre can go unnoticed.

86.  What are the symptoms of secondary syphilis?

This occurs 6–8 weeks after the development of the chancre, when treponemes disseminate to produce a multisystem disease.
Constitutional symptoms, such as mild fever, malaise and headache, are common. Over 75% of patients present with a rash on the trunk and limbs that may later involve the palms and soles; this is initially macular but evolves to maculopapular or papular forms, which are generalised, symmetrical and non-irritable. Scales may form on the papules later. Lesions are red, changing to a ‘gun-metal’ grey as they resolve. Without treatment the rash may last for up to 12 weeks.

87.  What other diseases produce rash similar to syphilis?

The rash is easily confused with psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, scabies, allergic drug reaction, erythema multiforme or pityriasis (tinea) versicolor.

88.  What is condylomata lata?

Condylomata lata (papules coalescing to plaques) may develop in warm, moist sites such as the vulva or perianal area.

89.  How does secondary syphilis present with?

secondary syphilis may present with or without rash. these include meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, anterior or posterior uveitis,
hepatitis, gastritis, glomerulonephritis or periostitis.
The clinical manifestations of secondary syphilis will resolve without treatment but relapse occurs in up to 25% of cases within the 2 years of infection. The disease then enters the phase of latency.

90.  What is latent syphilis?

This phase is characterised by the presence of positive syphilis serology or the diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities of neuro syphilis in an untreated patient with no evidence of clinical disease. In early latency(within 2 years of infection), syphilis may be transmitted sexually.

91.  What is genital herpes?

Infection with the herpes simplex virus, commonly known as herpes, can be due to either herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).

92.  How does herpes spread?

HSV-1 is mainly transmitted by oral-to-oral contact and causes infection in or around the mouth (oral herpes). HSV-2 is almost exclusively sexually transmitted, causing infection in the genital or anal area (genital herpes). However, HSV-1 can also be transmitted to the genital area through oral-genital contact to cause genital herpes.

93.  How common is genital herpes?

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2012, 19.2 million new cases of HSV-2 infection happened among adults and youth aged 15–49 years worldwide, with around 417 million cases already existing. The highest number of cases are found in WHO African Region and the WHO Region of the Americas.

94.  Is there any cure for herpes?

Currently, there is no cure for herpes. However, antiviral medications can help manage the symptoms and reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks. It is important to practice safe sex and disclose your herpes status to sexual partners to prevent transmission.

95.  What are the tests for herpes?

Swabs are taken from vesicular fluid or ulcers for detection of HSV-1 and 2 DNA by NAAT. Type-specific antibody tests for HSV-1 and 2 are available.

96.  How is genital herpes prevented?

Currently, there is no cure or vaccine for herpes. Condom helps to reduce the chances of infection but does not eliminate it completely, because outbreaks of genital herpes can occur in areas not covered by a condom. Condom use is still advisable as it can prevent other sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies.

97.  What are the complications of genital herpes?

Repeated symptoms of genital herpes may be painful, and the infection can lead to social stigma and emotional distress. These factors can have an important impact on quality of life and sexual relationships. However, with time, most people with herpes adjust to living with the infection. Genital herpes increases the risk of getting HIV by about three times. In addition, people with both HIV and genital herpes are more likely to spread HIV to others. Between 60-90% of people living with HIV also have genital herpes caused by HSV-2. Infection with HSV-1 or HSV-2 in people living with HIV (and other individuals with weakened immune system) often has a more severe symptoms and more frequent returns.

98.  How does having genital herpes affect a pregnant woman and her baby?

The spread of HSV from mother to child during birth is a rare condition, happening in an estimated 10 out of every 100,000 births globally, but can lead to lasting disability or death. The risk of giving herpes to the infant is greatest when a mother gets an HSV infection for the first time in late pregnancy. Women who have genital herpes before they become pregnant are at very low risk of spreading HSV to their infants.

99.  What is the treatment for genital herpes?

Antiviral medications like acyclovir and valaciclovir are the most effective medications available for people infected with genital herpes. These can help to reduce the severity and frequency of symptoms but cannot cure the infection

100.  What is oral herpes?

HSV-1 often causes oral herpes, which can result in cold sores or fever blisters on or around the mouth. However, most people with oral herpes do not have any symptoms. Most people with oral herpes get it during childhood or young adulthood from non-sexual contact with saliva.

101.  Is there a link between genital herpes and oral herpes?

Yes. Oral herpes caused by HSV-1 can spread from the mouth to the genitals through oral sex. This is why some cases of genital herpes are due to HSV-1.

102.  What happens if I don’t receive treatment?

Genital herpes can cause painful genital sores and can be severe in people with suppressed immune systems. If you touch your sores or fluids from the sores, you may transfer herpes to another body part like your eyes. Do not touch the sores or fluids to avoid spreading herpes to other parts of your body. If you do touch the sores or fluids, quickly wash your hands thoroughly to help avoid spreading the infection.

103.  Can I still have sex if I have herpes?

If you have herpes, you should talk to your sex partner(s) about their risk. Using condoms may help lower this risk but it will not get rid of the risk completely. Having sores or other symptoms of herpes can increase your risk of spreading the disease. Even if you do not have any symptoms, you can still infect your sex partner(s).

104.  What is the link between genital herpes and HIV?

Herpes infection can cause sores or breaks in the skin or lining of the mouth, vagina, and rectum. This provides a way for HIV to enter the body. Even without visible sores, herpes increases the number of immune cells in the lining of the genitals. HIV targets immune cells for entry into the body. Having both HIV and genital herpes increases the chance of spreading HIV to an HIV-negative partner during oral, vagina, or anal sex.

105.  Could I have genital herpes and not know?

Yes, it is possible to have genital herpes and not know it, as some people with the virus may never experience symptoms or have very mild symptoms that go unnoticed. This is known as asymptomatic herpes. It's important to get tested if you are sexually active, especially if you have had unprotected sex or multiple sexual partners, to know your status and prevent transmission to others.

106.  What home remedies can be done to deal with herpes?

Use an anesthetic cream or ointment to help your sores feel better. Take pain relievers to help you feel better. Doctors may suggest: (for example:- acetaminophen or ibuprofen.) If your sores really hurt wash the area gently with soap and water. Apply ice on your sores.

107.  What is vaginismus?

Vaginismus is currently defined in the DSM 4 (2000) as a “recurrent or persistent involuntary spasm of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse".
The disturbance causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty these unintentional muscle spasms occur when something, a penis, finger, tampon or medical instrument attempt to penetrate the vagina. The spasms may be mildly uncomfortable or very painful.

108.  What causes Vaginismus? Is it caused by sexual abuse?

The exact cause of Vaginismus remains unknown and unclear. It is usually not the result of sexual abuse but occasionally we see vaginismus in patients who have suffered from abuse.

109.  Can vaginismus miraculously disappear?

It’s unlikely that Vaginismus would go away on its own. Vaginismus is an involuntary tightness of muscles in the vagina. Since it is involuntary, Vaginismus can only be treated with dilation and Pelvic floor physical therapy. With the right treatment, it can nearly always be helped.

110.  What are the symptoms of vaginismus?

Difficult, painful or impossible vaginal penetration during sex or insertion of anything into the vagina, including sex toys and tampons.
Pressure in the vagina
Burning at the vaginal opening

111.  What are the types of vaginismus?

There are two main types of vaginismus:-
Primary
This is when a woman has had pain every time something entered their vagina, including a penis (called penetrative sex), or when they’re never been able to insert anything into their vagina. It’s also called lifelong vaginismus.
Secondary
This is when a woman has had sex without pain before, but then it becomes difficult or impossible. It’s also called acquired vaginismus.

112.  Could vaginismus be just in my head?

The muscle response can be attributed to a limbic system reaction and is not under the immediate direction or control of the woman. Therefore, regardless of the causes of vaginismus, there is always a distinct, sexually crippling, physical side to the condition. It is a condition in which different physical and/or emotional factors may play contributory roles, and so both should be examined as part of the treatment process.

113.  Is small vagina a cause for vaginismus?

When a woman experiences penetration difficulties or tightness, it is rarely due to a small or abnormal vagina, and nearly always due to vaginismus.

114.  Could hymen be a cause of vaginismus?

Hymen problems rarely cause penetration difficulty.
In very rare cases, women with unusually thick hymens may have penetration difficulties because of it. However, in practice, most women who believe their hymen is causing a penetration problem actually have vaginismus. Vaginismus is a much more common cause of penetration difficulties, and the symptoms can be almost identical to that of a hymen problem.
We should encourage women suspecting hymen problems to complete a gynaecological exam with a knowledgeable specialist where issues like this can be discussed, and seek a second opinion when necessary.

115.  What are the risk factors for vaginismus?

Healthcare experts still don't know exactly what causes vaginismus, but some risk factors include prior surgeries, infections, or childbirth-related injuries, such as vaginal tears. Other risk factors are psychological; anxiety disorders and negative feelings about sex, perhaps stemming from past sexual trauma, are both linked to vaginismus. Individuals who have experienced relationship problems or had a painful first intercourse are at an increased risk for developing vaginismus.

116.  What conditions are similar to vaginismus?

Vaginal atrophy: Lack of oestrogen after menopause makes the lining of the vagina thinner and drier (vaginal atrophy).
Vulvar vestibulitis (provoked vestibulodynia): This condition causes painful sex (dyspareunia). People may have pain from initial penetration throughout the entire experience.

117.  What is HPV infection?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of viruses that cause infection on the skin surface. It is one of the most common viral infections. It is so common many experts believe HPV infection should be considered an inevitable consequence of normal sexual activity.

118.  What are the symptoms of HPV?

Anogenital warts caused by HPV may be single or multiple, exophytic, popular or flat.
Rarely, a giant condyloma(Buschke–Löwenstein tumour) develops, with local tissue destruction. It's important to note that most people who are infected with HPV do not develop any symptoms, and in many cases, the infection will go away on its own without causing any long-term health problems.

119.  How many subtypes of HPV are known?

More than 100 types sub types of HPV are known to us.

120.  How many subtypes of HPV can cause genital disease?

There are about 40 subtypes of HPV known to infect the genital area.

121.  Are all subtypes of HPV dangerous?

No, not all subtypes are dangerous.

122.  Why are some subtypes of HPV considered dangerous?

Some subtypes of HPV cause genital warts which are having a potential for malignant transformation, so some subtypes are considered dangerous.

123.  Which subtypes of HPV are high risk and cause malignancy?

The high-risk HPV subtypes, such as HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, can cause persistent infections that may lead to the development of cancer, particularly cervical cancer.

124.  What type of cancers are caused by HPV?

HPV is women is notorious for causing cervical cancer. These high-risk subtypes can also cause other types of cancer, including anal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers, as well as some types of head and neck cancers.

125.  What are low risk HPV subtypes?

The low-risk HPV subtypes, such as HPV 6 and 11, are associated with the development of genital warts and mild cellular changes in the cervix. While they can cause discomfort and anxiety, they are not associated with an increased risk of developing cancer.

126.  How does HPV spread?

You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. It is most commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex. It also spreads through close skin-to-skin touching during sex. A person with HPV can pass the infection to someone even when they have no signs or symptoms. If you are sexually active, you can get HPV, even if you have had sex with only one person. You also can develop symptoms years after having sex with someone who has the infection. This makes it hard to know when you first got it.

127.  Does HPV cause health problems?

In most cases (9 out of 10), HPV goes away on its own within two years without health problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer.

128.  I’m pregnant. Will having HPV affect my pregnancy?

Pregnant people with HPV can get genital warts or develop abnormal cell changes on the cervix. Routine cervical cancer screening can help find abnormal cell changes. You should get routine cervical cancer screening even when you are pregnant.

129.  At what age can someone be infected with HPV?

Anyone can be infected with HPV regardless of their age. For example, if a pregnant woman has HPV, her baby can be born with an HPV infection.

130.  If someone is infected with one type of HPV and their immune system clears it, are they immune to other types of HPV too?

Immunity to one type of HPV does not afford protection against the other types. The current vaccine protects against 9 different types of HPV, which protects against the types most likely to cause disease.

131.  How long after an HPV infection does it take for cancer to develop in the body?

While most people who are infected with HPV do not develop cancer, persistent infection with a high-risk HPV type that is undetected or inadequately treated can progress to invasive carcinoma. When this happens, the time from infection to disease will usually take 10-20 years or longer, but it can sometimes take less time than that. Immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV, are more likely to have persistent HPV infection and faster progression to cancer.

132.  What is the best screening method for HPV in women?

Annual pap smear is the best screening tool for carcinoma cervix.

133.  How is HPV testing done?

HPV testing is the most effective tool for detecting cervical cancer risk. HPV
testing detects HPV DNA (or RNA for one test) to identify the presence of high-risk HPV
types, such as HPV-16 or HPV18.The sample can be either taken by the provider or self-collected by the woman in her own home.
Similar pcr is being done for males who are high risk.

134.  What are the cytological tests for HPV? PAP SMEAR

Cytology-based screening is the most commonly used screening method. It is
used to assess whether epithelial cells are abnormal. Cervical or vaginal swabs are taken
by a provider using a spatula and/or small brush. The samples are then either fixed onto
slides and examined by a trained cytotechnician (i.e., conventional cytology, known as a
pap smear or pap test); or they are immersed in a solution and sent to a laboratory to
be examined by a trained cytotechnician (i.e., liquid-based cytology, or LBC). Cytology,
while common, has a challenge of low-quality test results.

135.  How can HPV and cervical cancer be prevented?

The best way to prevent cervical cancer is for girls aged 9-14 years to be vaccinated, before they start sexual activity, and for women to get screened. PAHO/WHO recommend that women between the ages of 30 to 49 years be screened for cervical cancer. These screening tests detect early pre-cancerous changes in the cervix, which can then be treated safely before cervical cancer has any chance to develop. If the test is negative, it is still advisable to follow up with a repeat screening

136.  Can condoms present HPV?

If you are sexually active, use condoms the right way every time you have sex. This can lower your chances of getting HPV but HPV can infect areas the condom does not cover. So, condoms may not fully protect against getting HPV.

137.  Who should get the HPV vaccine?

CDC recommends HPV vaccination for:
All preteens (including boys and girls) at age 11 or 12 years (or can start at age 9 years). Everyone through age 26 years, if not vaccinated already.
Vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. However, some adults age 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after speaking with their healthcare provider about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination. HPV vaccination in this age range provides less benefit. Most sexually active adults have already been exposed to HPV, although not necessarily all of the HPV types targeted by vaccination.

138.  Is there treatment for HPV or health problems that develop from HPV?

There is no treatment for the virus itself. However, there are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause:
Genital warts can go away with treatment from your healthcare provider or with prescription medicine. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number.
Cervical precancer treatment is available. Women who get routine Pap tests and follow up as needed can find problems before cancer develops.
Prevention is always better than treatment.

139.  What are the vaccines available for HPV?

There are three vaccines that are currently available for human papillomavirus (HPV):-
Gardasil: This vaccine is approved for both males and females and is designed to protect against four HPV subtypes (6, 11, 16, and 18). It is a 3-dose vaccine series given over 6 months.

Gardasil 9: This vaccine is also approved for both males and females and is designed to protect against nine HPV subtypes (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58). It is also given as a 3-dose vaccine series over 6 months.

Cervarix: This vaccine is approved for females only and is designed to protect against two high-risk HPV subtypes (16 and 18). It is also given as a 3-dose vaccine series over 6 months

140.  Can HIV positive and HIV negative partners stay together?

Serodiscordant couples, defined as couples in which one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative. Yes, they can live together.

141.  Can HIV positive man have kids with HIV negative partner?

Yes, it is possible for an HIV-positive man to have children with an HIV-negative partner. However, it is important to take certain precautions to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV to the partner and the child.
The most effective way to prevent transmission of HIV from an HIV-positive man to an HIV-negative partner and child is by the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce his viral load to undetectable and other prevention methods such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) for HIV negative female partner. Its better to consult a doctor and follow his advice very accurately to avoid infection.

142.  Can HIV positive woman have kids with HIV negative partner?

Yes, it is possible for an HIV-positive woman to have children with an HIV-negative partner. However, as with an HIV-positive man, it is important to take certain precautions to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV to the partner and the child.
ART can reduce the amount of HIV viral load in the blood to undetectable levels, which greatly reduces the risk of transmission to an HIV-negative partner. PrEP is a medication taken by an HIV-negative partner to reduce their risk of acquiring HIV.
It is also important for an HIV-positive woman to have access to medical care throughout the pregnancy and childbirth to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This may include ART during pregnancy and delivery, as well as other preventive measures such as elective caesarean delivery and avoiding breastfeeding.

In addition to medical interventions, it is important for the couple to communicate openly and honestly about their HIV status and any concerns they may have. It may also be helpful to seek counselling or support from healthcare providers or HIV support groups.

143.  If both husband and wife are HIV positive can a baby be HIV negative?

Yes, it is possible for a baby to be born HIV-negative even if both parents are HIV-positive. This can be achieved through various interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

In many cases, HIV-positive mothers who receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to their baby. ART can lower the amount of virus in the mother's blood and other bodily fluids, which reduces the risk of transmission during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

In addition to ART, other interventions may be used to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. For example, elective caesarean delivery may be recommended to reduce the risk of transmission during delivery, and in some cases, infant formula may be recommended instead of breastfeeding.

It is important for both parents to receive medical care and adhere to treatment throughout the pregnancy and beyond to reduce the risk of transmission. It is also important for the baby to receive appropriate medical care, including HIV testing and monitoring, to ensure that any potential infections are detected and treated early.

144.  Can HIV spread through air?

No, HIV cannot be spread through the air. HIV is a blood-borne virus that is primarily spread through certain body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with these fluids, such as through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding

145.  Can HIV spread through direct contact with skin?

The virus is very fragile and cannot survive for very long outside of the body. It is also unable to penetrate unbroken skin or mucous membranes, which means that it cannot be transmitted through incidental contact such as touching a contaminated surface or being bitten by an insect.

146.  Can HIV spread through used condom?

The risk of HIV transmission through a used condom is very low, but not completely zero. The risk may depend on a number of factors, such as the integrity of the condom, the amount of HIV viral load present in the fluid that the condom came into contact with, and the type of sexual activity.

If a condom has been used during sexual activity with an HIV-positive partner, it is recommended to handle the condom with care to avoid potential exposure to any bodily fluids that may be present. It is important to wash hands thoroughly after handling a used condom, and to avoid touching the mouth, nose, or eyes with contaminated hands.

If there is concern about possible exposure to HIV through a used condom, it is recommended to seek medical advice and possibly get tested for HIV. Antiretroviral medications may be prescribed to help reduce the risk of HIV transmission after exposure, but it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible, as these medications are most effective when taken within a certain timeframe.

147.  Can we get HIV from a prick of needle that’s used on HIV positive person?

If someone gets pricked by a needle used on a HIV positive person, there is risk of HIV transmission.
The risk varies depending on:
The type of needle used (wide bore or narrow bore), wide bore needles have more blood
The depth of the prick
The viral load of the person on whom the needle was used (more viral load more risk)
Unexpectedly getting pricked by a needle in a health care setup is called needle stick injury and is one of the most common problems faced by health care workers. The risk of hiv acquisition from such injuries is very less and is around 0.3%(1 in 333).

In such situations we have to immediately consult a doctor so that he can assess the injury and advice us on something called as post exposure prophylaxis( PEP )which has to be started within 72 hours of needle prick to reduce the chances of becoming HIV positive.

148.  Why is HIV testing important?

Testing is important because it is the only way to know if you have HIV. The sooner that HIV is detected, the sooner medical care can begin. Getting early HIV treatment will help keep you healthy and prevent HIV from affecting how long you live or how well you feel.

149.  How can I tell if my HIV treatment is working?

A person can tell if his or her HIV treatment is working by looking at the results of the blood tests that measure viral load and cd4 count. A HIV treatment regimen is considered effective if it’s able to control HIV to the point that the virus is “undetectable “or the CD4 count is close to or within the normal range. Even when HIV treatment is effective, the virus is still present, but the viral load level is low enough that HIV is considered controlled.

150.  Is it easy to get HIV?

No. HIV is not like the flu or a cold. It is not passed through casual contact or by being near a person who is infected. You can only get HIV if infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk gets into your body.

151.  Does everyone who is exposed to HIV get infected?

No. But it is important to know that you can be infected by a single exposure to HIV-infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. Whether a person becomes infected after being exposed to HIV depends on how the virus enters the body and the viral load in the body fluid he/she is exposed to.

152.  How is HIV spread during injection drug use?

Any time you share injection equipment with someone who has HIV or whose HIV status you do not know, there is a high risk that you will get HIV. Small amounts of blood from a person infected with HIV may stay in the needles, syringes
and can be injected into the bloodstream of the next person who uses the equipment.

153.  Does sexual contact with many partners increase my risk of getting HIV?

Yes. Having unprotected sex with many partners increases your risk of getting HIV because it increases your chances of coming into contact with someone who has HIV. It also increases your risk of getting other sexually transmitted diseases (like herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, venereal warts, or syphilis)

154.  Can a person with HIV who is not sick or who has no symptoms pass HIV to someone else?

Yes. Any person infected with HIV, even if he or she has no symptoms, can pass HIV to another person.

155.  Can I get HIV from a human bite?

It is unlikely that a person would get HIV from a human bite. HIV can only be passed in this manner through direct blood-to-blood contact and not by exchanging saliva. To transmit virus, the infected person would need to have blood in his or her mouth and break the skin of the other person. The break in the skin of the uninfected person could allow infected blood to enter his or her bloodstream. If a person who does not have HIV bites and breaks the skin of a person with HIV, transmission of the virus could only occur if the uninfected person has open sores or cuts in the mouth that allow for blood-to-blood contact.

156.  Can I get HIV from living in the same house as a person with HIV or AIDS?

There have been no reported cases of HIV transmission from casual contact while living with a person with HIV or AIDS, even for a long time. However, there have been reported cases where household members became infected with HIV as a result of direct blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing a razor or toothbrush, getting stuck with a needle, or by getting infected blood on a rash and/or open sore.

157.  Can I get HIV from swimming pools or hot tubs or jacuzzis?

No. HIV cannot live in a hot tub or swimming pool. There have been no cases of HIV transmission through swimming pools or hot tubs.

158.  Can I get HIV from contact with my doctor, dentist, or other health care professional?

It is extremely unlikely that you can get HIV or other blood-borne diseases from a doctor, dentist, or other health care professional. To protect themselves and their patients, health care workers are required to use Universal Precautions to reduce the risk of exposure to blood or body fluids. Universal Precautions include always wearing latex gloves when taking blood samples or giving shots and washing hands before and after all medical procedures etc.

159.  Should I wait for symptoms to appear before getting tested?

No. If you think that you may have been exposed to HIV, you should get tested as soon as possible. You may have HIV and have no symptoms for many years.

160.  Do birth control methods other than condoms reduce the risk of HIV infection?

No. Only condoms reduce the risk of both pregnancy and HIV infection.

161.  How can I prevent HIV transmission during oral sex?

The risk of HIV transmission through oral sex is low, but people have been infected this way. Oral sex can be made safer by using a latex barrier like condoms and dental dams.

162.  What is douching?

Douching is the process of cleaning the inside of the vagina by rinsing it with water or other fluids, such as vinegar or commercially available douching solutions. Douching is typically done by inserting a nozzle or other device into the vagina and then allowing the fluid to flow in and out. Douching is not medically necessary and is generally not recommended by healthcare providers. In fact, douching can have negative effects on vaginal and reproductive health.

163.  Does douching after sex reduce the risk of HIV infection?

No. Douching after sex does not provide protection against HIV transmission because semen enters the cervical canal almost immediately after ejaculation. There is also no evidence that douching after anal sex offers any HIV protection.

164.  Do sex partners who both have HIV need to use condoms?

Yes. People who have HIV still need protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and may want to prevent pregnancy. Condoms also protect against exposure to different types, or strains, of HIV. Re-infection or superinfection with a new strain of HIV may make the disease progress more quickly and may require the use of medicines different from the ones used to treat the original strain.

165.  Should people with HIV tell their doctor, dentist, nurse, and other health care providers?

Yes. To provide the best medical care, health care providers need to know the HIV status of their patients so that they can follow precautions not to effect themselves or any other patients during or after the procedure intended for you. There are certain protocols to be followed and it makes work easier for the health care workers if you mention your status to them.

166.  Can you tell if someone has HIV just by looking at them?

You cannot tell if someone has HIV by just looking at them. A person infected with HIV may look healthy and feel good, but they can still pass the virus to you. An HIV test is the only way a person can find out if he or she is infected with HIV.

167.  Can I have more than one sexually transmitted infection at a time?

Yes, you can have more than one sexually transmitted infection at the same time. Each infection requires its own treatment. You cannot become immune to sexually transmitted infections. You can catch the same infection over and over again. Many men and women do not see or feel any early symptoms when they first become infected with a sexually transmitted infection, however, they can still infect their sexual partner.